Codility prefix_set Solution 100%

A non-empty zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. The first covering prefix of array A is the smallest integer P such that 0≤P

For example, the first covering prefix of the following 5−element array A:

A[0] = 2  A[1] = 2  A[2] = 1
A[3] = 0  A[4] = 1

is 3, because sequence [ A[0], A[1], A[2], A[3] ] equal to [2, 2, 1, 0], contains all values that occur in array A.

Write a function

           class Solution { public int ps(int[] A); }

that, given a zero-indexed non-empty array A consisting of N integers, returns the first covering prefix of A.

Assume that:

• N is an integer within the range [1..1,000,000];
• each element of array A is an integer within the range [0..N−1].

For example, given array A such that

A[0] = 2  A[1] = 2  A[2] = 1
A[3] = 0  A[4] = 1

the function should return 3, as explained above.

Complexity:

• expected worst-case time complexity is O(N);
• expected worst-case space complexity is O(N), beyond input storage (not counting the storage required for input arguments).

Solution:

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

class Solution {
  public int ps ( int[] A ) {
    Set set = new HashSet();
        int index =-1;

        for(int i=0;i

Codility Demo Solution 100%

I'm about to take a codility test and I'm somehow nervous. So the solution to the demo problem: -

A zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers is given. An equilibrium index of this array is any integer P such that 0 ≤ P < N and the sum of elements of lower indices is equal to the sum of elements of higher indices,

i.e. A[0] + A[1] + ... + A[P−1] = A[P+1] + ... + A[N−2] + A[N−1].

Sum of zero elements is assumed to be equal to 0.
This can happen if P = 0 or if P = N−1.

For example, consider the following array A consisting of N = 7
elements: A[0] = -7 A[1] = 1 A[2] = 5 A[3] = 2 A[4] = -4 A[5] = 3 A[6] = 0 P = 3 is an equilibrium index of this array,
because A[0] + A[1] + A[2] = A[4] + A[5] + A[6]. P = 6 is also an equilibrium index, because: A[0] + A[1] + A[2] + A[3] + A[4] + A[5] = 0 and there are no elements with indices greater than 6.

P = 7 is not an equilibrium index, because it does not fulfill the condition 0 ≤ P < N. Write a function class Solution { public int equi(int[] A); } that, given a zero-indexed array A consisting of N integers, returns any of its equilibrium indices.
The function should return −1 if no equilibrium index exists. Assume that: N is an integer within the range [0..10,000,000]; each element of array A is an integer within the range [−2,147,483,648..2,147,483,647].
 For example, given array A such that A[0] = -7 A[1] = 1 A[2] = 5 A[3] = 2 A[4] = -4 A[5] = 3 A[6] = 0 the function may return 3 or 6, as explained above. Complexity: expected worst-case time complexity is O(N); expected worst-case space complexity is O(N), beyond input storage (not counting the storage required for input arguments).  

Solution in Java

// you can also use imports, for example:
// import java.math.*;
class Solution {
  public int equi ( int[] A ) {
    long sum = 0;
    int i = 0;
    
    for (i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
        sum += (long) A[i];
    }
    
    long sum_left = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < A.length; i++) {
        long sum_right = sum - sum_left - (long) A[i];
        
        if (sum_left == sum_right) {
            return i;
        }
        sum_left += (long) A[i];
    }
    return -1;// write your code here
  }
}

How To Make a Local Backup of Your Email

Web-based e-mail services like Gmail, Yahoo Mail or Windows Live Mail are great for their access-anywhere capabilities.

The ease and simplicity of checking your mail in a browser have caused many of us to ditch the desktop client in favor of a web-based interface. It's one less application to have running and, in the case of [http://mail.google.com/ Google's Gmail], the search capabilities and conversation threading blow desktop apps out of the water.

However, using a service like Gmail means you don't have a local backup of your e-mail like you would if you were using a desktop client. Naturally, that doesn't mean you can't store backups of your e-mail on your local machine. It requires a bit of work to set up, but once you do, you'll be able to enjoy the goodness of Gmail's web interface worry-free.

''This page is a '''wiki'''. Got extra advice? Log in and add it.

Other pages in this series need your help:''

* [[Make a Local Backup Of Your Yahoo Mail Account]]
* [[Make a Local Backup Of Your Hotmail Account]]

==Backup Gmail Using a Desktop Client==

All the major operating systems ship with a built in e-mail client. Some are better than others, but all of them can connect to your Gmail account and download your messages to create a local copy of your mailbox.

Beware that some of these apps may store mail in funky proprietary formats (Apple Mail, Outlook, we're looking at you here) rather than industry standard formats like .mbox. To guarantee cross platform compatibility, we recommend the [http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/thunderbird/ Mozilla Thunderbird] client. Thunderbird 2.0 even offers a handy one-click set up for accessing Gmail.

First, you'll need to futz with Gmail's settings.


===Set Up Gmail & Thunderbird===

[[Image:Thunderbird-gmail.jpg|thumb|200px|The unofficial logo of your latest desktop hack]]
'''Step 1.''' Go to the Gmail web interface and click the Settings link at the top right corner of the page. Look for the "Forwarding and POP/IMAP" tab and click the link.

'''Step 2.''' Now you need to enable either POP or IMAP. For most people, POP will work just fine and it's the simpler of the two. Just select the "Enable POP for all mail" option. You'll also notice that you can control what Gmail does when your desktop client connects under the "When messages are accessed with POP" setting. Choose "keep Gmail's copy in the Inbox" since we're just using POP for backup purposes.

'''Step 3.''' Now startup Thunderbird, enter your username (the bit before @gmail.com in your e-mail address) and Google password. Thunderbird will begin downloading your e-mail, creating a local backup. There's no need to mess with Thunderbird's settings or since you're just doing this for backup purposes.

'''Tip:''' Remember to open Thunderbird periodically so that your mail gets backed up.

'''Tip:''' Make a backup of your Google Calender as well using the [http://blog.wired.com/monkeybites/2007/06/mozilla-sunbird.html two-way sync add-on for Mozilla Sunbird].

'''Tip:''' Make Thunderbird look like a native Apple app by installing REO-2007's [http://reo-2007.deviantart.com/art/Mac-OS-X-Leopard-Mail-1-3-72625408 Leopard Mail skin].

While this method will work and is definitely the easiest for most people, there are some drawbacks. The most obvious is that the backup doesn't include your sent mail. If you're looking for a way to improve your backups and automate the process (and you don't mind a little command line tinkering), read on.

The old Eudora 7 works great for this. I have just migrated it to Vista and though it has some quirks it gives me access to all my emails since 1999 with several ISP's. I use Gmail on the web from other computers but work with my mail on Eudora. I am considering migrating to Eudora 8 based on Thunderbird code but I have read some disturbing reviews.

==Backup Gmail Using Getmail==

Getmail is an open source Python program that can backup your Gmail account. [http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/ Getmail] will work on any *nix system, including OS X, and even Windows as long as you have [http://cygwin.com/ Cygwin] installed.


===Installing Getmail===

Ubuntu users have it easy, since Getmail is in the Ubuntu repositories.

For other operating systems, you can either add the repository to aptitude or you can compile from the source like so:

Download Getmail, then open a terminal windows and type:

tar xzvf getmail*.tar.gz
cd (the directory that was created)
sudo python setup.py install


===Setting Up Getmail===

Now you just need a configuration file to tell Getmail how to connect to Gmail. There are a ton of [http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/getmailrc-examples sample configuration files] on the Getmail site, but here's one that works well with Gmail. Create a file at ~/.getmail/getmail.gmail and put the following text in it:


[retriever]
type = SimplePOP3SSLRetriever
server = pop.gmail.com
username = yourname@gmail.com
password = yourpassword

[destination]
type = Mboxrd
path = ~/gmail-archive/gmail-backup.mbox

[options]
verbose = 2
message_log = ~/.getmail/gmail.log


Getmail won't create the mbox file, so before we get started, create a new empty file called gmail-archive.mbox in the gmail-archive folder of your home directory (or where ever you choose to store it). From the command line this will do the trick: touch ~/gmail-archive/gmail-backup.mbox


===Running Getmail===

You have everything set up, so it's time to actually make the backup. Fire up a terminal window and enter the following line:

getmail -r ~/.getmail/getmail.gmail

You should see a long string of messages begin printing out as Getmail starts grabbing the contents of your Gmail account. If the script stops, fear not -- Google has some limits on how many messages can be retrieved at one time. Just run the above command again the Getmail will pick up where it left off. See [http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/faq.html#faq-notabug-gmail-bug Getmail's documentation] for more about this "cutoff" issue.

Now you have an mbox-formatted local backup of your Gmail account and you can access it with any e-mail client that understands mbox files, which is pretty much everything except Microsoft Outlook.

To automate this process, just create a shell script and attach it to a cron job that runs once a day or however often you feel is necessary.


==Backup Using Fetchmail==

Backing up using [http://fetchmail.berlios.de/index.html Fetchmail] is probably the most difficult and arcane option of the bunch, but if you're looking for a weekend project and enjoy tinkering with the command line, Fetchmail can create backups of your Gmail account.

Have a read through the Fetchmail documentation to see how you need to set things up.

Also check out Lifehacker's excellent [http://lifehacker.com/software/gmail/geek-to-live--back-up-gmail-with-fetchmail-235207.php tutorial on Fetchmail]. It's written for Windows users running Fetchmail under Cygwin, so if you're on a *nix system just ignore the Cygwin-specific elements.


== In the Future ==
{{#shtml:Template:IntelLogoRight}}
Online sites businesses often depend on your eyeballs hitting their web pages. So it would go without saying that making your data portable doesn't seem to be in the best interests of the services you use online. After all, how are these companies going to keep you coming back?

However, the ethics of that business model is in question. In order to make their sites compelling and competitive, services like Gmail or Yahoo's mail service are allowing you to import and export your data. Google has even formed a [http://www.dataliberation.org/ Data Liberation task force] which aims to make all of your data on its sites portable. Its message is clear: In the future, your contacts, your e-mail messages, your data are yours to keep and use wherever you want to.
By Banta

The Power Behind Our Thoughts

This is a special post to you. It talks about the New Thought principle. This principle has been widely used by New Thought writers. This principle is also referred to as the Law of Attraction. I know a lot of people out there who do not know much about this law of attraction. Others know nothing about this law. If you are one of them, then this is a must read post. Why? Simply because you're in the dark my friend.


According to the writers, the law of attraction says, people's thoughts (both conscious and non conscious) dictate the reality of their lives. This means, weather or not they're aware of it.


Essencsialy" if you truly belive that it's possible to get something, you'll eventually get it. By putting a lot of attention and your thoughts onto something that you despise or something that you don't want means you'll probably get that too. There have been a widespread popular interest for the law of attraction recently. So keep on reading to know more about this law.


The law of attraction claim to have roots from Quantum of Physics. All branches of physical science demonstrate the fact that every completed manifestation of whatever scale, is started by the establishment of a nucleus, infinitely small but endowed with energy of attraction, causing it to steadily increase in power and definiteness of purpose, until the process of growth is completed and matured form stands out as an accomplished fact". Okay. Enough with physics.


Let's talk about how to control this energy to one's advantage. So what you need to do is;

I. Know exactly what you want.
II. Ask the universe for it. According to me the universe is the God you worship. So whatever religion you are, pray harder and harder.
III. Feel, behave and know as if the object of your desire is already yours. To make a long story short, visualize and imagine what you want.
IV. Always be open to receive what you want and let go (of attachments to) the outcome.


Think of what one doesn't have means, it manifests itself in not having, while if one abides by these principles, and avoids "negative" thoughts, the 'universe' (God) will manifest a person desire.


This law has also been interpreted in the realm of medicine and illness. According to the popular published book, Love, Medicine and Miracles by Bernie Siegel (a retired assistan clinical professor of surgery), which asserted that the threat of disease was related to a person's imagination, will and belief.


Napoleon Hill also published a book by the title of Think and Grow Rich. This book discusses the importance of controlling your own thoughts in order to achieve success, as well as the "energy" that thoughts have the ability to attract other thoughts.


From this law of attraction (new thought principle) I conclude that you should always think positive. Be ambitious. Let no one tell you what you can do and what you can't do. Think and get what you want.

The Secret Of How Change

THE SECRET OF HOW TO CHANGE. As we all know change is what we want in our life, from switching jobs to the better ones, quiting our bad habits , in relationships to changing into a better person. Change is hard to make although, we always think we can do it. Yes, it's true we can do it. Then, what hinders us from changing? Belive me, it is fear. Fear of what might happen. We ask ourselves, "What if it would be worse than this?". Researchers indicate that a lot of people are unhappy and unhealthy too due to failure of not wanting to change. Okay, there are two type of change that I'm talking about.

The first change is the change you personaly have to make. That is, if you want to quit something, or if you want to change your behaviours and habits to better ones in order to succeed in something.

The second CHANGE that I'm talking about is a certain change of your environment ( or your sorroundings), things or even people around you. You realise that once you things around you change you too will be expected to change in order to adapt. So this is what I'm talking about.

With all that said, let's get down to business of 'the secrets of change'. I've done my best to write all the key points that will make you fearless and want to change easily. Or rather the 'secrets of change'.

-Having what you want makes you happy. It is true that what you want to change for will make you happy. For instance, you want to stop smoking. That is the change you want to make and you know that once you are not smoker you'll be happy since, you're health will on longer be at risk and also since, you'll be able to controll you're stress or emotions naturally.

-If you do not change, you can become extint. If you refuse to change you'll become unhappy and you'll lack peace of mind, and what will that lead you to?

-What will you do if you're able to overcome your fears? This is the most important question you need to ask yourself when you want to move on either you are in a bad relationship with a wrong person you fill being binded to your boss's work. It's time to become fearless and say enough is enough. It's time to tell your boss you're fired and move on.

-Examine your life so you know when it is time to change. You need to examine your life so you know when you are not happy, what causes the unhappiness, what needs to be changed and done, and when the change needs to be done. So, always be aware of yourself before the change changes you.

-Focusing in a new direction helps you find what you want to change for. You need to at least try to do newer things rather than holding on to older things. Remember: the more you try the more your hopes grow stronger and you'll know exactly what you want that will make you happy.

-When you move beyond your fear, you feel free. The moment you overcome your fear you become free from what was holding you. You also become powerfull and courageous too.

-Imagning yourself enjoying the results of the change even before you change, will lead you into change. When you want to change and your afraid to, try to imagine the positive results of the change as more as possibile. Try it. It really works. It has also been proven scientifically.

-The sooner you let go of your fears, the quicker you'll change and find what you want in your life.

-It is safer to try to change to newer directions and things than to remain in the same place hoping something will happen.

-Your older beliefs will not lead you to what you want. What your older beliefs will do is to hold you back. So what you have to do is, try to change.

-When you see that you can find and enjoy what you want in life, you change course and you change completely. When you want something that means you have to change in order to adapt the likings of the thing you want. So in order to change course and change, think about how much you'll enjoy what you want when you find it.

-Noticing small changes early helps you to adapt to the bigger changes that are about to come. For instance you're in a relationship, you become attentive enough to notice that your spouse's love to you keeps on diminishing. One day you'll not be surprised to hear your spouse say, "It's over, it's not working." and you'll adapt easily rather than not to notice nothing untill out of the bang he/she says it over. You'll be in shock for a very, very long time.


What you need to do is:
-Get ready cause change always happens.
-Monitor change.
-Adapt to change quickly.
-Change!
-Enjoy change!
-Be ready to change quickly and enjoy it again and again.